-based global companies including texas instruments, google, and cisco systems trace their roots to federal research investments. as you have heard, china, india, and other nations are emulating our model by making investments to gain the benefits we enjoy. if we ought to remain globally competitive, we must sustain and enhance the u.s. innovation echo system. this requires four thicks. first, strategic focus. to choose important and promising areas to explore and develop and match them to the talent resources and opportunities we have or can attract. second, game changing idea generation that arises out of basic research which pushes the boundary of human knowledge. third, translational pathways that bring discoveries in to commercial or societal use. fourth, capital. financial frawrl and human capital. to support the development and exploitation of promising new technologies. we need a new financial model for technology based start-up that overcome the so-called valley death we need tax reform. we need physical capital including shared infrastructure, which allows new technologies to be i